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Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski
Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski ((ラテン語:Andreas Fricius Modrevius)) (ca. September 20, 1503 – autumn, 1572) was a Polish Renaissance scholar, humanist and theologian, called "the father of Polish democracy". His book ''De Republica emendanda'' (''o poprawie Rzeczypospolitej'') was widely read and praised across most of Renaissance Europe.〔Prof. dr hab. Edmund Kotarski, ( "Andrzej FRYCZ Modrzewski (Fricius Modrevius)" with bibliography. ) ''Virtual Library of Polish Literature.'' Retrieved September 28, 2011.〕
==Life==
Modrzewski was born in Wolbórz (also known as Woybor, Voibor, Woibor, Wojbor, Woyborz and Wolborz), near Piotrków Trybunalski, the son of Jakub Modrzewski (1477–1529). Modrzewski family was of the gentry (though some authors speak of impoverished nobility) and held the hereditary title of mayor (''wójt/vogt/advocatus'') of Wolbórz. After graduating from the Kraków Academy, he was ordained a vicar and served under Archbishop Jan Łaski (the Elder), and later under the Bishop of Poznań, Jan Latalski. From 1530 he was connected to the court of Jan Łaski the Younger, the Primate of Poland and nephew of the elder Łaski. Having lived for a time in Germany, where he studied at the Lutheran University he met Martin Luther and other early Protestant reformers in Wittenberg. He also took care of the library of Erasmus bought by Łaski.
He returned to Poland in 1541 and stayed in the capital, where he met with Mikołaj Rej. Modrzewski advocated sending a mixed ecclesiastical and secular delegation to the 1545 Ecumenical Council of Trent (where he would be sent as a Polish delegate). He supported Irenicism (the importance of unity) and the democratic and ecumenical element in the Church. He became an official at the court of Sigmundus Augustus in 1547. Since he was leaning strongly towards the reformist circles (especially Calvinian and Arian/Polish brethren), he became in danger of being accused of heresy and was ultimately stripped of his ecclesiastical titles and offices. The king, however, issued a letter of protection for him. In 1553 he retired to his native Wolbórz.
Modrzewski debuted as a writer in 1543 with the work called ''Lascius, sive de poena homicidii'' (''On The Penalty for Manslaughter''; or ''Łaski, czyli O karze za mężobójstwo'' in Polish). In it, Modrzewski criticized the inequality prescribed by the law for different social classes: for example, while the penalty for killing a nobleman ranged from 120 ''grzywna'' – through life imprisonment – to death, the penalty for killing a peasant was only 10 ''grzywna''.〔 Yet it was ''On the Improvement of the Commonwealth'' (''De Republica emendanda'') that brought him eternal and international fame. In it, he advocated a strong monarchy that would protect the rights of all citizens. He postulated equality of all before the law, and criticized the 1565 ban on land-owning by non-nobles. He wrote that peasants should own the soil which they work, and that townsfolk should be able to buy land and be elected to offices (those rights were being reserved only for the nobility back then), demanded the reform (secularization) of education, and division between state and church. This treatise was translated into many European languages and earned him many enemies in the Church. Pope Paul V placed the book on the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' (list of prohibited books).
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